INTRODUCTION:

Life without food is not possible as it provides nutrient that nourish our body and keep our system working in good condition. The quality of life mainly depends on what we eat, and hence nutrition and its impact on health are very important. The word is a portmanteau of the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical", was coined in 1989 by Stephen L. Defelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine.¹ Human lifestyles have been drastically changing over last five decades due to urbanization, industrialization, hectic schedule and changing cultures. foods²has risen leading to many disorders induced because of inappropriate diet, due to which obesity is now a worldwide concern.

These factors have changed human habits and force them to fast eating, instant and tasty food, fast food, junk In many developing countries cardiovascular conditions are a prime reason for death followed by osteoporosis, cancer, arthritis, and various others.³Nutraceutical is a term coined to describe substances which are not traditionally recognized nutrients but which have positive physiological effects on the human body.⁴ In few years ago COVID-19 disease enters in country and more people died due to efficiency of Nutraceuticals. Most importantly, regular consumption of such nutraceuticals has been shown to boost the immune system and prevent viral infections. Nutraceuticals such as vitamins, amino acids, herbs or herbal extracts⁵flavonoids like curcumin, and probiotics have been studied for their role in the prevention of COVID-19 symptoms such as fever, pain, malaise, and dry cough.⁶ Compound such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and nutrients.⁷There are many over 470 nutraceutical and functional food product is available with proven health advantages.⁸ Nutraceuticals are oral dietary components naturally found in foods.⁹ Developed as profitable health products are easily available from different industries sector such as food, herbal, and Pharma manufacturing industries. The importance of such products has been correlated with the treated of several diseases include cancer and metabolic, depression, coronary heart disease, the common cold, and cough, prolonged gastrointestinal emptying, and number of situations that need proper attention.¹⁰ Nutraceuticals are hybrid products generally containing both nutrients and pharmaceuticals. In addition to their medicinal properties, they possess nutritional values, acting as dietary supplements for maintaining body health, at the same time, providing the body with the necessary nutrition that is required for multiple metabolic processes and the regulation of normal body functions. Typically, the use of nutraceuticals can aid in the prevention and treatment of diseases, aswell as promote physical health and the immune system, normalizing body functions, and improving longevity.¹¹Nutraceutical-rich vegetables and fruits are an vital component of a healthy diet.¹²Nutraceuticals are found in dietary supplements that offer additional health benefits also called medical diets, designer foods, active foods, and dietary supplements.¹³ The concept of nutraceutical was stared from the survey in U.K., Germany and France which concluded that diet is rated more highly by consumers than exercise or hereditary factors for achieving good health.¹⁴ The broad classes of the nutraceutical components include the antioxidants, dietary fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics and prebiotics. These components have been reported to provide cardioprotective, cancer protective, hepatoprotective, wound healing etc. beneficial effects for years.¹⁵ Quality control for the officially and safety of herbal product is essential. Phytochemical is determined either by identity, purity, other chemical, physical biological properties or by manufacturing process.¹⁶

Rational for the Use of Nutraceuticals:

a) Regular consumption of synthetic medicines used to treat a variety of illnesses may cause serious side effects/organ failure whereas the nutraceuticals from natural source is safe.

b) Daily intake of food consumed by many people does not have enough fiber, carbohydrate, protein, and the right amounts of vitamins and minerals to maintain good health. Rapidly increasing chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, diabetes, and obesity leading to death is mainly due to suboptimal diet quality. Reports suggest that mortality is increasing every year mainly due to insufficient intake of fruits, nuts/seeds, whole grains, vegetables, seafoods, as well as minerals. Thus, nutraceuticals are considered as sources of health promotion.

c) Disease treatment by allopathic/modern medicine is highly expensive.

d) Drugs derived from plants can be used for treatment or prevention of disease, whereas the food derived from plants enact as nutraceutical by preventing the disease and by eliciting health benefits.¹³

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 80 per cent of rural population depends on herbal medicine for their primary healthcare.¹⁴Nutraceutical functional food market in United States is 250 billion US$ while drug market is 150 billion US$. Each year about 1000 new products coming in market, and about 29,000 dietary supplements available in US.¹⁷Increasing risk of diseases such as high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and cholesterol is expected to boost product demand over the forecast period. High cost associated with healthcare treatments has resulted in rising consumer interest in nutraceuticals over the past few years.¹⁸

Fig. 1: Nutraceuticals Health Supplements

HISTRORY:

Hippocrates (460–377 BC), the father of modern medicine, the relationship between food and its significance for the treatment of various disorders was first recognized about 2500 years ago, maximizing various benefits. Nutraceutical is made out of the words pharmaceutical and nutrition. The term 'nutraceutical' was coined in 1989 by DeFelice.¹⁹Nutrition requirement for health + pharmaceuticals remedy for sickness/injury = Nutraceuticals preventative medical approach.²⁰ It is a food supplement that has a vital role in maintaining the healthy body and provides necessary supplements required for various metabolic processes to regulate body functions and thus prevents the body from diseases.²¹ Long journeys resulted in scurvy deaths, and the facts of the investigation showed that the food was deficient in vitamins B and C, which operate as antiscorbutics and were eventually made a requirement of the diet. The lack of iodine in salt was also discovered to be a prevalent cause of goiter. So, the health issues were discovered and treated using food and a healthy lifestyle; as a result, all of these cases very clearly demonstrate the need for a healthy diet and herbal components with the potential to serve.

Classification of Nutraceuticals:

Table 1: The classification into several classes depending on their uses are:

Classification of Nutraceuticals
1	Traditional Nutraceuticals	6	Dietary supplements and dietary fibers
2	Nontraditional Nutraceuticals	7	Phytochemicals
3	Fortified Nutraceuticals	8	Herbals
4	Recombinant Nutraceuticals	9	Probiotics
5	Potential and established Nutraceuticals	10	Prebiotics.

1. Traditional Nutraceuticals:

These classes are generally sourced directly from nature, without any changes in the natural form. Various constituents such as Lycopene is found in watermelon, tomatoes, pink grapefruit, papaya, and guava and additionally offers red color. It is a potent antioxidant compound that reduces damage to DNA and proteins and additionally offers better pores and skin safety in opposition to extremely violet light than β-carotene. It is utilized in most cancer protection and decreases LDL levels of cholesterol and suppresses insulin-like increase elements, which stimulates tumor boom²²and Omega-3 fatty acids in salmon, or saponins in soya are available and consumed for different health benefits.

2. Nontraditional Nutraceutical:

Non-traditional nutraceuticals, as a non-conventional approach, are artificially synthesized foods or food products. The application of biotechnology or agriculture breeding is used to add nutrient ingredients for the enhancement of food properties and human health. Based on the processing method, non-traditional nutraceuticals may be differentiated into fortified and recombinant nutraceuticals. Rice enriched with β-carotene, and cereals infused with vitamins and minerals are some examples of this class of nutraceuticals which contain provitamin that can boost antioxidant activity.²³

3. Fortified Nutraceuticals:

Fortified nutraceuticals are the food with agricultural breeding or with added nutrients. Orange juice with calcium, cereals with added vitamins or minerals, flour with added folic acid, and milk with cholecalciferol are some of the examples of fortified nutraceuticals. These foods supply the body with important nutrients that can prevent anemia and improve health.²⁴ if calcium is added to specific food such as orange juice, the orange juice can enhance glycemic control.²⁵

4. Recombinant Nutraceuticals:

It involves the application of biotechnology and genetic engineering in the production of energy providing foods such as yoghurt and cheese or extraction of bioactive components by enzymatic or fermentation technology. For high ascorbic acid content, gold kiwifruit has undergone genetic modification.²⁶

5. Potential and established Nutraceuticals:

Possible nutraceuticals are certain to have therapeutic advantages. These nutraceuticals have become established medicines only after sufficient data demonstration and clinical testing for their efficacy and safety. All nutraceuticals are potential nutraceuticals but all potential nutraceuticals are not established ones.¹⁰

6. Dietary Fibre:

Dietary fibre has long been established as a nutritionally important, health-promoting food ingredient and comprised of plant-based carbohydrates that cannot be metabolised by digestive enzymes encoded in the human genome, such as amylase.²⁰Dietary fibres mostly include non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as celluloses, hemicelluloses, gums and pectin’s, lignin, resistant dextrin’s and resistant starches.²⁷

7. Phytochemicals:

The pharmacological evidence that chemicals in plant foods or nutraceuticals, can maintain, enhance normal or reverse declining, cognitive. Most studies relevant to cognitive decline in dementia and normal ageing have focused on the curcuminoids, especially curcumin.²⁸ Bioactive phytochemicals from goji berries protection against oxidative damage, antidiabetic, immunoregulatory, vision protective, hepatoprotective, and prebiotic activities that are associated with the promotion of risk reduction in the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cataracts, and age-related diseases.³⁰

8. Herbals:

The traditional Indian herbal drugs are one of the oldest drugs used since humans' existence and play an important role in combating various disease conditions. During COVID-19 pandemic, Minister of AYUSH (Ayurvedic, Yoga, and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) in India suggested drinking ‘Kadha’, Kadha is nothing but an extract prepared from various herbal drugs, and its benefits are proven that induces immunity in individuals.³¹ Various Indian herbal drugs like Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum, and Phyllanthus emblica are found to be effective in COVID-19.³² another example Aloe Vera gel obtained from Aloe vera L. N.L. Burm. Is used to dilates capillaries, anti-inflammatory, emollient and wound healing properties.^33,34

9. Probiotics:

Probiotics are part of functional foods and are proposed as one of the main mechanisms providing beneficial effects. It has been shown that the activity of the intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in the energy supply of the host. Therefore, supplementing the diet with live microorganisms, such as probiotics, helps the intestinal microbiota with this important role. Probiotic bacteria also protect the mucosal barrier of the intestinal epithelium against pathogenic microorganisms. As an example Fermented foods, such as some types of milk (which are widely consumed beverages), have been proven to be good functional foods because they contain probiotic bacteria, such as L. helveticus, capable of producing factors during milk fermentation that stimulate the production of the enzyme calcineurin.³⁵ Some of the studies probiotic act as antioxidant, anticancer and anti- plaque agent. Hence, it confers various health benefits like help in preventing obesity, colon cancer and arthritis.³⁶Yogurt, fermented tea, dark chocolates, pickles, olives are some of the food items which are rich in probiotics.³⁴

10. Prebiotics:

The prebiotics concept was introduced for the first time in 1995 by Glenn Gibson and Marcel Roberfroid.³⁷Prebiotic was described as “a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health”.³⁸ prebiotics would also be part of nutraceuticals if they are present in pill form and not in a food matrix. when they found that a diet based on the consumption of dairy products that included yogurt, fermented milk, and cheese, added with potential probiotic strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Bifidobacterium, and prebiotics or symbiotics (i.e., a mixture of both: probiotics and prebiotics), improved the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting pro-inflammatory markers, and reducing intestinal dysbiosis.³⁵

CONCLUSION:

The reviews have amply demonstrated the critical part that nutraceuticals play in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of illnesses. The majority of people favor the treatment of by regularly using nutraceuticals; one can treat any illness in a natural way. The best way to stay natural and increase health is to use nutraceuticals. The standard of living. The goal for healthy life can be done through balancing proper and adequate diet including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and the levels of minerals and vitamins accompanying physical and mental exertion. In the vision of “Health for All” the mission can be accomplished with the assistance of nutraceuticals.

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Received on 25.03.2023 Modified on 12.05.2023

Res. J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech.2023; 15(3):198-202.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2023.00032